EduPort 2022, 6(1):1-16 | DOI: 10.21062/edp.2022.004
The Predicators of Students´ Willingness to Communicate in Foreign Languages: State-of-the-Art Review
- Faculty of Education, Masaryk University (The Czech Republic)
The concept of willingness to communicate in a foreign language classroom describes the readiness to enter foreign language communication at a particular time with a specific person or persons using a foreign language influenced by situation-specific circumstances and individual variables. This state-of-the-art review deals with outcomes of eleven selected studies in the period 1999-2018 based on a computerized database search in the Web of Science database. The selected studies focus on the relationship between willingness to communicate and (a) context and (b) individual variables like foreign language anxiety and motivation. The review presents samples, instruments, and outcomes of each study. Based on the literature review it is possible to assume that the role of the student´s motivation plays a more significant role concerning willingness to communicate than foreign language anxiety. The article attempts to answer the question whether it is the fear of speaking a foreign language or motivation that is more significant for student´s willingness to communicate.
Keywords: Willingness to communicate, foreign language, teaching, situational variables, individual characteristics
Published: May 1, 2022 Show citation
References
- Baker, S. C., & MacIntyre, P.D. (2000). The role of gender and immersion in communication and second language orientations. Language Learning, 50, 311-41.
Go to original source...
- Başöz, T. & Erten, I. H. (2018). Investigating tertiary level EFL learners´ willingness to communicate in English. English Language Teaching, 11(3), 78-87.
Go to original source...
- Bernales, C. (2016). Towards a comprehensive concept of willingness to communicate: Learners predicted and self-reported participation in the foreign language classroom. System, 56, 1-12.
Go to original source...
- Burgoon, J. K. (1976). The unwillingness to communicate scale: development and validation. Communication Monographs, 43, 60-9.
Go to original source...
- Clément, R., & Kruidenier, B. (1985). Aptitude, attitude, and motivation in second language proficiency: A test of Clément´s model. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 4, 21-37.
Go to original source...
- Clément, R., Baker, S. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2003). Willingness to communicate in a second language. The effects of context, norms, and vitality. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 22(2), 190-209.
Go to original source...
- Donovan, L. A., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2004) Age and sex differences in willingness to communicate, communication apprehension, and self-perceived competence. Communication Research Reports, 21(4), 420-427.
Go to original source...
- Dörnyei, Z. (2005). The psychology of the language learner: Individual differences in second language acquisition. London: Erlbaum.
Go to original source...
- Ferrari, R., 2015. Writing narrative style literature reviews. Medical Writing, 24(4), 230-235, https://doi.org/10.1179/2047480615Z.000000000329
Go to original source...
- Halupka-Rešetar, S., Knežević, L., & Topalov, J. (2018). Revisiting willingness to communicate in English as a foreign language: The Serbian perspective. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 39(10), 912-924.
Go to original source...
- Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. Modern Language Journal, 70, 125-132.
Go to original source...
- Kang, S. J. (2005). Dynamic emergence of situational willingness to communicate in a second language. System, 33(2), 277-292.
Go to original source...
- King, J. (2013) Silence in the second language classrooms of Japanese universities. Applied Linguistics, 34, 325-343.
Go to original source...
- Lee, J. H. (2018). The effects of short-term study abroad on L2 anxiety, international posture, and L2 willingness to communicate. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 39(8), 703-714.
Go to original source...
- McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1982). Communication apprehension and shyness: conceptual and operational distinctions. Central States Speech Journal, 33, 458-68.
Go to original source...
- McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1990). Willingness to communicate: differing cultural perspectives. Southern Communicational Journal, 56, 72-77.
Go to original source...
- McCroskey, J. C., & Baer, J. E. (1985). Willingness to communicate: The construct and its measurement. The annual convention of the Speech communication association, Denver, CO.
- MacIntyre, P. D., & Clément, R. (1996). A model of willingness to communicate in a second language: The concept, its antecedents, and implications. The 11th World Congress of Applied Linguistics, Jyväskylä, Finland.
- MacIntyre, P. D., & Charos, C. (1996). Personality, attitudes, and affect as predictors of second language communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 15, 3-26.
Go to original source...
- MacIntyre, P. D., Dörnyei, Z., Clément, R., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. The Modern Language Journal, 82(4), 545-562.
Go to original source...
- MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clément, R., & Conrod, S. (2001). Willingness to communicate, social support and language learning orientations of immersion students. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23(3), 369-388.
Go to original source...
- Maclntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clément, R., & Donovan, L. A. (2002). Sex and age effects on willingness to communicate, anxiety, perceived competence, and L2 motivation among junior high school French immersion students. Language Learning, 52, 537-64.
Go to original source...
- MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clément, R., & Donovan, L. A. (2003). Talking in order to learn: Willingness to communicate and intensive language programs. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 59(4), 589-607.
Go to original source...
- MacIntyre, P. D., & Doucette, J. (2010). Willingness to communicate and action control. Science Direct, 38(2), 161-171.
Go to original source...
- Martin, M. M., Myers, S. A., & Mottet, T. P. (1999). Students´ motives for communicating with their instructors. Communication Education, 48, 155-164.
Go to original source...
- Mortensen, C. D., Arntson, P. H., & Lustig, M. W. (1977). The measurement of verbal predispositions: scale development and application. Human Communication Research, 3, 146-58.
Go to original source...
- Myers, S. A., Edwards C., Wahl, S.T., & Martin, M.M. (2007) The relationship between perceived instructor aggressive communication and college student involvement. Communication Education, 56(4), 495-508.
Go to original source...
- Mystkowska-Wiertelak, A. (2016). Dynamics of classroom WTC: Results of a semester study. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 6(4), 651-676.
Go to original source...
- Mystkowska-Wiertelak, A., & Pawlak, M. (2017). Willingness to Communicate in Instructed Second Language Acquisition. Combining a Macro- and Micro-Perspective. Multilingual Matters.
Go to original source...
- Mystkowska-Wiertelak, A. (2018). Fluctuations in willingness to communicate during a semester: a case study. The Language Learning Journal, 49(1), 1-12.
Go to original source...
- Nakane, I. (2006). Silence and politeness in intercultural communication in university seminars. Journal of Pragmatics, 38, 1811-1835.
Go to original source...
- Peng, J. E. (2007). Willingness to communicate in L2 and integrative motivation among college students in an intensive English language programme in China. University of Sydney papers in TESOL, 2, 33-59.
- Yashima, T. (2002). Willingness to communicate in a language: the Japanese EFL context. Modern Language Journal, 86, 54-66.
Go to original source...
- Yashima, T., Zenuk-Nishide, L., & Shimizu, K. (2004). The influence of attitudes and effect on willingness to communicate and second language communication. Language Learning, 54, 119-152.
Go to original source...
- Yashima, T., MacIntyre, P. D. & Ikeda, M. (2016). Situated willingness to communicate in an L2: Interplay of individual characteristics and context. Language Teaching Research, 22(1), 115-137.
Go to original source...
- Zarrinabadi, N. (2014). Communicating in a second language: Investigating the effect of teacher on learners' willingness to communicate. System, 42, 288-295.
Go to original source...
- Zhang, J., Beckmann, N., & Beckmann, J. F. (2018). To talk or not to talk: A review of situational antecedents of willingness to communicate in the second language classroom. System, 72, 226-239.
Go to original source...
- Zulkepli, N. & Hussin, S. (2021). Facilitating L2 WTC: A review of past studies. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(1), 160-172
Go to original source...
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.